One of the interesting uses for AR in the medical field involves live interactive imaging for assisting physicians, medical students and children. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) includes procedures where a camera is inserted into the patient's body to help the doctor visualize the procedures he or she is conducting. In one example, this form of surgery is aided with the use of AR imagery of a brain superimposed onto the patient's head, giving the doctor a more tangible visualization. Another example involves being able to visualize a patient's spine in order to more accurately place a spinal tap, or other spinal injection.

These visualizations can also extremely useful tools for educating both students and children about medicine. With the help of augmented reality projections of bones, muscles, nerves and other internal body parts, med students can practice procedures on mannequins in a somewhat real-world game of "Operation." Applications can also help teach kids about anatomy by allowing them to peer under the skin and reveal the inner workings of human bodies.

Other possibilities for media AR applications lie in leveraging and managing the massive mine of patient data. Imagine, for example, that in order to check a patient's history, the doctor would need only to look the patient over while wearing a head-mounted display (HMD). Virtual tags could appear on the patient to locate previous injuries or illnesses and provide valuable data to the doctor instantly and in context with the patient.

HMDs are also where some the limitations of media AR applications exist. According to Christopher Stapelton, founding director of the Media Convergence Laboratory at the University of Central Florida, there are significant hurdles to overcome when integrating HMDs with medical devices. Among these are common HMD issues, such as accurately placing and applying depth perception to 3D models, as well as medical specific problems, like allowing doctors to see the tools they are holding through the projected image.

Stapelton showed off some amazing videos of devices scanning a human head and showing bone structure through a face. Even with the face moving and creating expressions, the bones were visible in their appropriate locations in the area which the device was scanning. When an instrument (in this case, a spoon), was held in front of the area being scanned, the data was removed for that area, and real-time shadows from the instrument were placed on the imagery.

These stunning examples are just a few of the ways AR is influencing the medical industry. There are several other areas in which augmented reality is having a significant impact with a practical use - a quality I believe is imperative to the future success of the technology.

Insider Pages currently has more than 800,000 doctors in its system. To get started, Insider Pages has partnered with HealthGrades.com, which syndicates about 1.2 million patient surveys to Insider Pages. While most of the company's competitors offer extensive databases and reviews, this cooperation with HealthGrades.com also gives Insider Pages access to the HealthGrade's database of doctors' records. Thanks to this, users can also check if their doctor is board certified and has a clean record. For more details about a doctor's records (including malpractice and sanction records), Insider Pages refers its users to HealthGrades. Insider Pages also allows its users to refine their searches based on other criteria like the doctor's gender, experience and ability to speak certain languages.

As Insider Pages' general manager Eric Peacock told us when we talked to him earlier today, rating doctors is different from rating a restaurant. While Insider Pages allows its users to write regular freeform reviews, the company also asks every reviewer 10 questions about their experience, ranging from how much time the doctor spent with the patient to how well they listened to the patient's complaints.

Privacy, of course, is a major concern when it comes to doctors. As Peacock told us, the company gives users the freedom to share as much information as they want to, but by default, these reviews are never shared on the patient's Facebook feed.

The American and Australian scientists at STAR have received a $100,000 grant from the Gates Foundation to develop the cough-analyzing software for developing countries where access to health care is more limited than in first world nations. Despite the poor economic conditions of these under-developed countries, there are a plethora of mobile phones which are being used for everything from early warning systems to mobile payments to health alerts. An mobile app that diagnoses disease would fit right in.

The way the diagnostic software works is by comparing the sounds of the mobile user's cough to a database of coughs associated with all the different types of respiratory diseases. There would also be multiple coughs per disease stored in the database to take into account variations by age, gender, weight, and other factors.

While to our untrained ears, many coughs sound just alike, a tuned-in doctor - or in this case, a mobile app - can listen to the entire structure of a cough from the initial intake of air to the final 100-150 milliseconds of a cough that contains the distinctive "wet" or "dry" and "productive" or "unproductive" sounds that help to classify the cough's seriousness, explains an article on Discovery News. Even the loudness of a cough is taken into account - healthy people have coughs that are 2% louder than a sick person's.

At the moment, the software exists as a computer application but the scientists plan to have it re-written, when complete, as an application for mobile phones.

There's no word on when the mobile application will be released, but the scientists will need to collect around 1000 cough samples before the database is ready. If they're able to then design a successful analytical tool for mobile phones, the impacts to people's health would be far-reaching - and not just in developing countries, but everywhere in the world.

The new alliance wants to guide governments, NGOs, and mobile firms on how mobile technology can be used to help save lives.

Already, mobile technology is providing and augmenting healthcare initiatives throughout the world. In a recent study released by the UN and Vodafone titled, "mHealth for Development: The Opportunity of Mobile Technology for Healthcare in the Developing World," over 50 of these types of initiatives throughout 26 countries were discussed. The biggest adopters of mobile technology were India with 11 projects and South Africa and Uganda with 6 each.

• Sending mobile phone owners updates on diseases via SMS.
• Letting health workers in Uganda log data on mobile devices from the field.
• In South Africa, the SIMpill is a sensor-equipped pill bottle with a SIM card that informs doctors whether patients are taking their tuberculosis medicine.
• In Uganda, a multiple-choice quiz about HIV/AIDS was sent to 15,000 subscribers inviting them to answer questions and seek tests. Those who completed the quiz were given free airtime minutes. At the end of the quiz, a final SMS encouraged participants to go for voluntary testing. The number of people who did so increased from 1000 to 1400 over a 6-week period.
• In the Amazonas state of Brazil, health workers filled in surveys on their phones about the incidences of mosquito-borne dengue fever.
• In Mexico, a medical hotline called MedicallHome lets patients send medical questions via SMS.

The Power of Mobile Technology

But beyond just the altruistic aspects of mobile healthcare, the UN report also demonstrated to mobile operators how programs such as these could provide value to the industry. That, said UN/Vodafone Foundation Partnership head Claire Thwaites, was a crucial step since the industry, like many others today, stands at the edge of a downturn.

Because mobile technology is relatively cheap and easy to spread, it can connect the rural areas that desperately need healthcare with the large populations of doctors who live in the urban centers. For example, "in India," said Dan Warren, director of technology for the GSM Association, the umbrella organization that hosts the MWC, "there are 1m people that die each year purely because they can't get access to basic healthcare. The converse angle to that is that 80% of doctors live in cities, not serving the broader rural communities where 800 million people live."

Some Drawbacks

Using mobile technology is not a panacea for the world's health issues, though. Says Forrester analyst Elizabeth Boehm, one of the biggest issues with mobile healthcare is that "the people who are most in need of healthcare are usually more aged, so they don't use the mobile or they're not comfortable with it." This limits the use of mobile phones in public health information campaigns.

However, as the technology continues to spread throughout the world, it's easy to see how, over the course of time, phones could become a "doctor in your pocket" for the less fortunate citizens of our world.

"I was particulary impressed with the Vitals layout. I have seen many of these ratings site but none are as comprehensive as the data shown on Vitals. Also, this is the only ratings site that allows physicians full control to update their data and respond to comments."